The Role of Sleep Disorders in Addiction & Mental Health

Sleep is essential for maintaining emotional stability, enhancing memory, and promoting brain recovery. But if you're in addiction recovery, you might find it challenging to catch a good night sleep because of withdrawal symptoms, nutrient deficiencies, and the effects of past substance use on the body's natural sleep-wake cycle. Sleep disorders are another common concern in addiction recovery.

In fact, the impacts of addiction on the natural sleep regulation process have been thought to cause or exacerbate sleep disorders. And the relationship is bidirectional. Sleep disorders, too, can lead to addiction and mental and physical health issues. The three are closely intertwined, with studies showing that one increases the risk of the other.

The Bidirectional Relationship Between Sleep Disorders and Addiction

Sleep disorders and substance use disorders are closely linked through complex neurobiological mechanisms. Each condition can both contribute to and exacerbate the other, creating a cycle that is difficult to break without integrated care.

How Sleep Disorders Can Contribute to Addiction

Sleep disorders such as restless leg syndrome, circadian rhythm disruptions, and obstructive sleep apnea can increase the risk of substance use. The underlying science points to several key mechanisms:

1. Altered Reward Processing

Chronic sleep deprivation affects the brain’s reward circuitry, particularly the dopaminergic system. Lack of sleep causes the brain to become more sensitive to rewards, which can heighten cravings and impulsivity. This heightened sensitivity can increase the likelihood of using substances—such as alcohol, cannabis, or sedatives—as a means of achieving short-term relief or pleasure.

2. Impaired Emotional Regulation

Sleep is essential for regulating mood and managing stress. Inadequate sleep diminishes the function of the prefrontal cortex (responsible for decision-making and self-control) while increasing amygdala reactivity (associated with stress and emotional responses). This imbalance contributes to mood swings, anxiety, and poor judgment—factors commonly associated with increased substance use and relapse risk.

3. Activation of the Stress Response System

Persistent insomnia and other sleep disorders activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the body’s central stress response system. Chronic activation leads to elevated cortisol levels, which are associated with higher rates of depression, anxiety, and subsequent self-medication with substances.

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How Substance Use Contributes to Sleep Disorders

Substance use can directly impair sleep quality and disrupt the brain’s natural sleep architecture. These effects may continue well into recovery, particularly during post-acute withdrawal.

1. Circadian Rhythm Disruption

Many substances—including alcohol, stimulants, and opioids—interfere with the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which governs circadian rhythms. Disruption of this internal clock leads to irregular sleep-wake cycles, delayed sleep onset, and daytime fatigue.

2. Neurotransmitter Imbalances

Substances affect key neurotransmitters that regulate sleep:

Alcohol and fragmented sleep. Alcohol initially increases GABA activity, making it easier to fall asleep. However, it significantly disrupts REM sleep and contributes to early-morning awakenings.
Stimulants and trouble falling asleep. Stimulants such as cocaine and methamphetamine increase dopamine and norepinephrine, prolonging wakefulness and impairing sleep onset.
Cannabis and sleep disruption: particularly with long-term use, may reduce deep sleep and impair overall sleep quality despite initial sedative effects.

3. Long-Term Impact on Sleep Architecture

Substance use can cause lasting alterations in sleep structure. Reduced slow-wave (deep) sleep and REM sleep lead to non-restorative sleep, memory impairment, and emotional instability. These disruptions often persist during early recovery, contributing to post-acute withdrawal syndrome (PAWS)—a set of lingering symptoms including insomnia, irritability, and poor concentration.

The Cycle of Sleep Disruption and Substance Use

Together, these factors create a bidirectional and self-reinforcing cycle:

Sleep disorders increase vulnerability to substance use.
Substance use worsens sleep quality and disrupts recovery.
Poor sleep exacerbates mental health symptoms and relapse risk.

This cycle not only impairs quality of life but also undermines recovery efforts if not properly addressed.

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Why Sleep Matters in Recovery

Quality sleep is essential for rebuilding emotional and cognitive balance during recovery. Sleep supports key functions like emotional regulation, impulse control, and decision-making—skills that are often challenged in early sobriety.

When sleep is disrupted, the brain’s ability to manage stress and resist cravings declines, increasing the risk of relapse. Sleep disturbances can also worsen symptoms of post-acute withdrawal, such as anxiety, mood swings, and low energy.

Structured routines are critical in recovery, but disorders like insomnia or circadian rhythm disruptions can make consistency difficult. Poor sleep undermines progress, making it harder to stay engaged in therapy, maintain relationships, and follow recovery plans.

Healing Your Sleep

Left unaddressed, chronic sleep disturbances can push you to self-medicate in an effort to feel “normal” again. But using substances to cope with sleep loss only restarts the cycle, making both sleep and recovery harder to maintain.

Given the strong interplay between sleep and substance use disorders, treating sleep disturbances should be a core component of addiction recovery. These evidence-based interventions can help restore sleep health and support long-term recovery outcomes:

1. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I)

CBT-I is a non-medication therapy widely recommended for sleep issues in addiction recovery. It targets the root causes of insomnia through:

Sleep restriction: Re-aligning time in bed with actual sleep time to build sleep drive
Stimulus control: Associating the bed only with sleep to strengthen mental connections
Relaxation techniques: Including guided breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, or meditation
Cognitive reframing: Addressing negative and unhelpful thoughts like "I'll never fall asleep" or "I can’t function tomorrow."

CBT-I helps you sleep better without the risk of developing a dependency on a new substance. This is huge if you’re in recovery.

2. Sleep Hygiene Habits

Practicing good sleep hygiene helps reinforce your body’s natural rhythms and reduce sleep latency (the time it takes to fall asleep). Some useful habits include:

Sleep and wake up at the same time throughout the week
Avoid caffeine and large meals in the evening
Have your evening meals early to give your body time to digest
Limit screen time, especially close to bedtime
Create a sleep-conducive environment that feels safe, cool, quiet, and dark
Engage in calming activities like light yoga, journaling, reading a book, or even practicing mindfulness meditation before you go to sleep

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These changes may seem small, but they can greatly improve your sleep quality and mental clarity.

3. Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT) and Sleep

If you're receiving addiction treatment programs involving MAT (e.g., methadone or buprenorphine), your medication could be affecting your sleep. It's worth discussing any sleep issues with your provider. They may adjust your dosage or suggest timing changes to minimize impact.

Non-habit-forming medications, such as trazodone, gabapentin, or melatonin, may be used temporarily under supervision. These options can offer relief from insomnia symptoms without the risks of traditional sleeping pills.

Always avoid over-the-counter sleep aids unless approved by your healthcare provider, especially during recovery. Many OTC sleep aids contain antihistamines, which can lead to next-day drowsiness and long-term tolerance. It is also essential to follow the instructions provided when using the sleep aids.

Sleep As a Recovery Tool

Sleep is not a luxury but rather a necessary part of the work, especially as you progress through your recovery journey.

If you’re struggling with sleep, don’t ignore it. Addressing it can make everything else a little easier. Consult with your provider, explore available support options, and take it seriously. It will help you get the rest you need at night and stay on track during the day. Set one small sleep goal tonight. That’s a real step forward.

Need help navigating recovery and sleep? Reach out to More Than Rehab today. We are here to support your healing every step of the way.

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What Does Long Term Drug Use Do To Your Body?

When it comes to drug abuse, the main concern is often the immediate health impacts of drug use. However, there are also several long-term effects of drug abuse on various systems in the body. For example, prolonged exposure to certain drugs can cause changes in vital organs like the heart, lungs, liver, and brain.

These changes can lead to serious health problems like liver disease, liver failure, brain damage, mental illness, heart disease, and in some cases, death. Chronic drug use can increase susceptibility to other diseases like cancer or infections due to suppressed immune function.

This article will take a closer look at some of the more common long-term effects of drug abuse on various systems in the body.

Different Classes of Drugs and Their Long-Term Implications on the Body

There are three types of drugs; depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens. Each one has a different effect on the body.

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Depressants

Depressants like alcohol, cannabis, benzodiazepines, heroin and other opioids slow down the function of the central nervous system (CNS). Depressants may cause slower reflexes, dizziness, and poor coordination and balance when taken in small quantities.

Large doses may lead to nausea, drowsiness, and loss of consciousness. When taken over a long period, depressants may cause changes in brain structure, creating long-term imbalances in hormonal and neuronal systems that are not easily reversed. Other common effects include:

Chronic fatigue
Sexual problems
Depression
Breathing difficulties
Sleep problems

Stimulants

Stimulants like amphetamines, cocaine, and MDMA increase the activity of the central nervous system. In small doses, stimulants may increase heart rate, body temperature, and blood pressure and cause reduced appetite, sleeplessness, and agitation. Large doses may lead to anxiety, paranoia, aggression, panic, stomach cramps, and seizures. Long-term use has been linked to the following:

Impotence
Seizures
Chest pain
Heart failure
Nutritional deficiencies
Chronic insomnia
Asthma
Increased blood pressure
Irregular heart rate

Hallucinogens

Hallucinogens like LSD, ketamine, and magic mushrooms alter a person's perception of reality. They may cause visual and auditory hallucinations, confusion, paranoia, anxiety, and panic. Long-term use has been linked to the following:

Persistent psychosis (paranoia, disorganized thinking, visual disturbances, and mood changes)
Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD)
Speech problems
Weight loss
Anxiety
Memory loss
Depression and suicidal thoughts

Long-Term Effects of Drugs on the Heart and Circulatory System

One of the most common long-term effects of drug abuse is damage to the heart and circulatory system. Drugs particularly harmful to the heart include stimulants like cocaine and methamphetamine, which can cause increased heart rate and blood pressure. This strains the heart and can lead to conditions like aneurysms, heart attacks, and death.

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Stimulant use can cause cardiomyopathies, myocardial infarctions, aortic dissection, and endocarditis. In other cases, they may exacerbate pre-existing heart conditions, speeding the heart damage.

Other drugs like opioids and alcohol can slow heart rate and circulation to dangerous levels. Excessive alcohol intake can lead to high heart failure, blood pressure, or stroke. It can also cause cardiomyopathy, a disorder that affects the heart muscle. Alcohol has also been linked to obesity and the long list of health problems that can go along with it.

Long-Term Effects of Drugs on the Respiratory System

Another common long-term effect of drug abuse is damage to the lungs. This is particularly true for smoked drugs like marijuana, tobacco, and crack cocaine. Repeated exposure to toxic chemicals in cigarette smoke can cause inflammation and promote oxidative stress in the outer lining of the lungs. Over time, this leads to chronic inflammation and scarring, making it more difficult for oxygen to flow through the lungs and into other organs.

Likewise, drugs like heroin can cause significant damage to lung tissue due to their direct impact on blood vessels. In particular, these substances constrict blood vessels and inhibit oxygen delivery to vital organs like the brain and heart. Drug use has been linked to different respiratory problems, including bronchitis, chronic cough, emphysema, and lung cancer. Inhalation of these drugs can also damage the airways and make breathing difficult.

Long-Term Effects of Drugs on the Brain

Drugs interfere with the normal functioning of neurotransmitters, which are responsible for transmitting signals from one neuron to another. In particular, drugs affect the release of dopamine and other key neurotransmitters that regulate mood, reward processing, decision-making, and movement.

As these chemicals are disrupted by drug use, users can experience various unpleasant side effects, including intense cravings, confusion, altered consciousness, and impaired motor control. Moreover, prolonged drug use can have lasting impacts on brain development, particularly in adolescents and young adults who are still experiencing significant neurological changes throughout their formative years.

Drugs affect the brain in different ways, including:

Impaired cognitive function - Difficulty with learning and memory, as well as decision-making and executive function.
Altered mental state - Changes in perception, mood, and consciousness.
Changes in memory - Short-term memory loss and long-term changes in how information is stored and retrieved.
Damage to brain cells - Toxic drugs kill brain cells, causing permanent damage.
Changes in brain connections - Disruption of normal neural circuitry can lead to behavior changes.

Long-Term Effects of Drugs on the Liver

The liver is responsible for filtering toxins out of the blood, so it's not surprising that drug abuse can significantly impact this vital organ. In particular, drugs like alcohol and heroin can cause liver damage by promoting inflammation and cell death.

Over time, this can lead to cirrhosis, a condition in which the liver cannot function properly. Other drugs, like methamphetamine, can also damage the liver by causing oxidative stress. These changes can lead to liver inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis as your body gets older.

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Long-Term Effects of Drugs on the Kidneys

The kidneys are responsible for filtering waste and toxins out of the blood. Drug abuse can damage these organs and impair their ability to function properly. In particular, drugs like heroin, amphetamines, and cocaine can cause kidney failure or damage by causing inflammation and oxidative stress. These changes can lead to kidney disease, which can be fatal.

Long-Term Effects of Drugs on the Immune System

Chronic drug use can compromise the body's ability to fight off infections and disease, increasing an individual's susceptibility to illness. In addition, heavy drug use has been linked to conditions like HIV and hepatitis, especially among IV drug users. These conditions can compromise the immune system.

How to Quit Using Drugs

The best way to be healthy again is to quit using drugs. Your body and mind can return to normal when you stop using drugs. However, quitting is often the hardest part. Addiction changes the brain in ways that make it difficult to control cravings and resist the urge to use.

Withdrawal symptoms also make quitting difficult, as they can be uncomfortable and dangerous. So quitting is often more than just a matter of willpower. It requires a comprehensive treatment plan that addresses the underlying causes of addiction as well as other possible health care issues.

That's why it's important to seek professional help when ready to quit. Addiction treatment centers like More Than Rehab provide the support you need to detox safely and overcome your addiction. With the right care, you can get your life back on track and restore your physical and mental health.